Thorndike's 'Law of Effect' states that:
C. Behaviour followed by satisfying consequences is more likely to be repeated
Responses followed by satisfaction are strengthened; those followed by discomfort are weakened.
The 'Kindergarten' system of early childhood education was founded by:
B. Friedrich Froebel
Friedrich Froebel founded the first kindergarten in Germany in 1837.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need forms the lowest level?
D. Physiological needs
Physiological needs such as food, water and sleep form the base of the hierarchy.
The 'Skinner box' is associated with which theory of learning?
A. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner used the box to study operant conditioning (learning from consequences).
Formative assessment is mainly carried out:
B. During the learning process to improve teaching and learning
Formative assessment gives ongoing feedback during learning, unlike summative assessment at the end.
The concept of the 'Zone of Proximal Development' was introduced by:
C. Lev Vygotsky
Vygotsky defined it as the gap between what a learner can do alone and with guidance.
Classical conditioning was first demonstrated through experiments on dogs by:
B. Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov studied conditioned salivation in dogs.
According to Piaget, children aged about 7 to 11 years are in which stage of cognitive development?
D. Concrete operational
Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+).
In the revised Bloom's taxonomy (2001), which is the highest level of the cognitive domain?
C. Creating
The revised taxonomy ranks: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create.
Who is regarded as the founder of behaviourism in psychology?
A. John B. Watson
John B. Watson founded behaviourism with his 1913 paper on psychology as the behaviourist views it.